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Photographier la Voie lactée

La Voie lactée : Comment la photographier

 

L’objectif :

Quand on parle de photo de Voie lactée, la première chose qui vient à l’esprit est : Quel objectif vais-je utiliser ?
Comme tu le sais, l’espace est grand, vaste, énorme. A moins de vouloir photographier une constellation précise il faut être équipé d’un objectif grand angle. Une focale inférieure ou égale à 17 mm ce n’est pas mal pour choper l’immensité de la voie lactée. L’effet « Kiss Cool » d’une focale courte est de pouvoir bénéficier de temps de pose plus long… on va voir ça un peu plus loin.

L’ouverture :

Maintenant que l’on a la focale, reste l’ouverture. La nuit, la lumière manque… dingue ça !!!

Il faut investir dans une optique la plus lumineuse possible : f/2, f/1.4 c’est super. Toutefois, il est possible de se débrouiller avec du f/2.8 ou du f/4 . Il faudra juste pousser un peu plus les ISO. Si le boitier est récent, cela ne devrait pas poser trop de soucis : en général la montée du bruit quand on « pousse : les Iso ont plutôt bien contenu jusqu’à 2500-3000 ISO.

Pour info, j’utilise un Canon EF 17-40mm f/4L USM et cela passe bien avec le Canon EOS 5D Mark III.
Si j’avais un objectif plus lumineux comme le Samyang 14mm f/2.8 je pourrais obtenir de meilleur résultat avec moins de bruit. C’est l’avantage de l’ouverture de f/2.8 qui permet de faire passer deux fois plus de lumière que le f/4 du Canon EF 17-40mm.

Tu as compris : ouvres le diaphragme au max de ce que peut faire l’objectif afin de faire entrer le plus de lumière possible, le tout, dans un minimum de temps.

La vitesse :

 

Pour la vitesse du boitier, je vais faire simple : utilises cette règle.   La Voie lactée

La règle des 500.

Avec  un objectif de 17 mm on obtiens : 500/17 = 29,41 secondes. Il ne faudra pas dépasser les 29 secondes d’exposition, sinon les étoiles seront floues… la terre tourne, et elle tourne vite (environ 1100 km/h pour la France). Je préfère rajouter une petite marge de sécurité et j’enlève souvent 3-4 secondes.

Si vous utilisez un 50mm par exemple en reprennent la formule précédente, on obtient 10 secondes de pose. Cela confirme donc le fait qu’un objectif lumineux est nécessaire pour pouvoir faire la photo de voie lactée.

Si tu as un boitier APS-C, il suffit de rajouter le crop factor dans la formule. Soit 1.5 pour Canon, ce qui donne :

Pour un APS-C : 500/(Focale en mm x Crop Factor) = temps de pose. Soit pour le 17 mm on obtient : 500/(17*1.5) = 19.60 secondes

Maintenant que tu connais les principaux réglages, reste la mise au point.

 

La mise au point :

La nuit c’est parfois compliqué de faire la mise au point et je te déconseille de te baser sur le symbole de l’infini gravé sur l’objectif, ni aller en buté de mise au point. Souvent, (pour ne pas dire toujours) la mise au point à l’infini est au poil avant la butée. C’est fait exprès, rien que pour t’embêter 🙂 Nan, en fait, il existe une marge de mise au point à cause de l’éventuelle dilatation qui peut intervenir en fonction de la météo. Les constructeurs ont prévu une marge pour que la mise au point puisse se faire même dans les pays chauds 🙂

Donc, tu fais la mise au point à la mano, tu désactives l’autofocus et tu vises un truc au loin et règles l’appareil. Si tu veux, tu peux passer en mode live view  pour t’aider à faire la MAP la plus précise possible. Une fois fait : ne touche plus à rien. Si tu as un objectif exclusivement destiné à la photo de ciel, ajoute un repère sur ton objectif, c’est toujours un souci en moins à gérer le moment venu.

Le cadre :

Maintenant, il faut composer la photo. Souviens-toi, la pose dure plusieurs secondes, il te faut un trépied. Installe l’appareil dessus et cadre large. Idéalement, essaie de mettre un objet dans la photo : arbre, vieille maison … histoire de donner une échelle à l’immensité de la galaxie. l’idéal est de faire les repérages dans la journée quand on y voit quelque chose.
Ha oui, chose super-importante, il faut une nuit sans lune et sans pollution lumineuse … ça commence à faire beaucoup. Il faut fuir des grandes villes et partir à la campagne. Je parlerai d’un un autre post d’un logiciel pour trouver des coins sans pollution lumineuse.

Il ne reste plus qu’à utiliser le retardateur ou un déclencheur souple et prendre sa première photo. Fais des tests et joue sur les isos. Je commence à 2500 Iso, ensuite j’adapte en fonction de ce que je vois sur l’écran du boitier.

©Copyright 2021 @Laurent Martineau

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